Different Kinds of Facial Acne and Treatments

Acne is a disorder of the pilo-sebaceous structure i.e. hair and sebaceous gland, which opens the skin surface through a pore. The sebaceous glands, which empty directly into the hair follicle, produce sebum, a lipid substance. Sebaceous glands are present over entire skin surface except the soles of feet and palms, but the largest glands are on face, scalp and scrotum. Sebum production is a response to direct hormonal stimulation by testicular androgens in men and adrenal and ovarian androgens in women.

Acne may be inflammatory or non-inflammatory. Non inflammatory acne lesions are primarily comedones, more commonly called pimples, whiteheads and blackheads. Inflammatory acne lesions include comedones, erythermatous pustules and cysts. Inflammation close to the skin surface results in pustules; deeper inflammation results in cysts.

Several forms of acne occur at different periods of the life span. The most common are acne vulgaris, acne rosacea and acne conglobata.

Different kinds of facial acne

Acne Vulgaris

It is the form of acne common in adolescents and young to middle aged adults. The actual cause of acne vulgaris is unknown but possible causes include androgenic influence on the sebaceous glands, increased sebum production and proliferation of the organism propionibacterium acnes.

In mild cases it may show only few scattered comedones, but severe cases are manifested by multiple lesions form on the face and neck, but they also occur on back, chest and shoulders. Women in aged between 30-40 yrs may develop popular lesion on chin and mouth. The lesions are mildly painful and may itch.

The complications of acne vulgaris include formation of cysts, pigment changes in dark skin person.

Acne Rosacea

It is chronic type of facial acne that occurs more often in middle and older adults. The cause is unknown. The lesions of acne rosacea begin with erythema over the cheeks and nose.

Over the time, the skin color changes to dark red and the pores over the area become enlarged.

Acne Conglobata

It is also a chronic type of acne that begins in middle adulthood. The cause is unknown. This includes serious skin lesions like comedons, papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and scar occur primarily on face, back, buttocks and chest.

The comedones have multiple openings and a discharge that ranges from serous to purulent with foul odor.

Treatments available for Acne

The treatment of acne is based on the severity of the lesion.

·         Acne with comedones Tretinoin, Benzoyl peroxide and Azelaic acid gel are prescribed.

·         Forms of popular inflammatory acne are treated with topical clindamycin gel, oral or topical antibiotics such as Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Minocycline.

·         Severe forms of popular inflammatory acne are treated with Isotretinoin pills.

Guidelines for Acne skincare

·         Wash the skin with a mild soap and water at least twice a day to remove accumulated oils.

·         Shampoo the hair often enough to prevent oiliness as oily hairs can cause acne.

·         Eat regular, well balanced diet and drink plenty of water to flush out toxins from body.

·         Expose your skin to sunlight but avoid sunburns.

·         Get regular exercise and sleep.

·         Do not squeeze a pimple as it may cause the pimple to become larger and infected.

What are Signs & Symptoms of Acute HIV Infection?

The group of symptoms and signs are often collectively called as acute retroviral syndrome, since HIV is a type of retrovirus. A few laboratory tests like white blood cell count, platelet count, or liver function tests, low CD4 count, high viral load may also be abnormal during this time, although these findings are not in and of themselves diagnosis of HIV. Whether the symptoms and signs of acute HIV infection are due to the “cytokine storm” as the host immune system is activated is not known. Both factors likely contribute to the early symptoms.

It is estimated that 50-90% of people develop symptoms, but these may range vary according to patients condition. In one prospective study, among those with symptoms at the time of acute infection 95% sought medical care. Nevertheless, acute HIV infection is rarely diagnosed, partly because the symptoms are variable. The onset of illness is between 2 and 6 weeks after viral transmission and is believed to correlate with peak viremia.

Symptoms of acute HIV infection are caused by high levels of viral replication, which leads to a very high viral load. Viral replication activates a delayed cytotoxic T lymphocyte i.e. CDs response. Cytotoxic T cells contain viral replication, which helps resolve symptoms of acute HIV. After symptoms resolve, patients enter a latent phase of asymptomatic infection. This latent phase usually lasts for years to decades.

It occurs during dissemination of the virus with high-grade viremia. Acute retroviral syndrome, i.e.Acute HIV infection syndrome develops in 40-90% of patients infected with HIV and starts 2-6 weeks after exposure to HIV. It lats for days to weeks, typically 14 days, but may persist up to 10 weeks. The development of specific antibodies against HIV marks the completion of seroconversion. Often, by the time of the onset of symptoms, the patient does not correlate the acute HIV conversion symptoms with the sexual encounter.  

Signs & Symptoms of Acute HIV infection

Most people develop some symptoms during the period of acute HIV infection. Common symptoms include fever, chills, sweats, sore throat, body aches, night sweats, stomach ache, stiff neck, loss of appetite, weight loss, oral or genital ulcers, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Neurological manifestations, such as aseptic meningitis, radioculopathy, and cranial nerve VII palsy, occur in some symptomatic patients.

Newly infected individual may present, generally within 1 to 4 weeks, with a virus-like illness called the acute retroviral syndrome. Symptoms can include headache, retro-orbital pain, muscle aches, sore throat, low-grade or high grade fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash and joint pains. In some cases it shows oral candidiasis, ulcerations in esophases, anus, and vagina. Also central nervous systems disorders can be observed in some patients. In some individuals, pneumonitis as well as diarrhea is also found.

                In advanced stage of HIV infection or AIDS patients symptoms get more advanced due to a weakened immune system. At this point, individuals are susceptible to many infections and complications. Because they lack strong immune response, person with advanced disease get sick from illnesses that most people with intact immune system can fight off. These include so-called opportunitstic infections like pneumocystis pneumonia, Cryptococcus, mycobacteria avium intracelulare, and reactivation of prior toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus infections.

                Children with HIV infection often present with non-specific conditions that are common in childhood. The symptoms are weight gain, prolonged fever, oral thrush or candidiasis, chronic diarrhea, chronic gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, bacterial infection, upper respiratory tract infection, ear infection, pneumonia, tonsillitis, UTI, skin and eye infections.

The group of symptoms and signs are often collectively called as acute retroviral syndrome, since HIV is a type of retrovirus. A few laboratory tests like white blood cell count, platelet count, or liver function tests, low CD4 count, high viral load may also be abnormal during this time, although these findings are not in and of themselves diagnosis of HIV. The very first encounter that the body has with HIV during acute HIV infection is a most active period when the body and the virus fights and attack each other, as the human host tries to control the virus. However, the virus is fast as it usually evades host control. During this fight, immune system activates and releases various important cell-signaling chemicals called cytokines. The symptoms and signs of acute HIV infection are due to the “cytokine storm” as the host immune system activated is not known. Both factors likely contribute to the early symptoms.

It is estimated that 50-90% of people develop symptoms, but these may range vary according to patients condition. In one prospective study, among those with symptoms at the time of acute infection 95% sought medical care. Nevertheless, acute HIV infection is rarely diagnosed, partly because the symptoms are variable.

Symptoms of acute HIV infection are caused by high levels of viral replication, which leads to a very high viral load. It occurs during dissemination of the virus with high-grade viremia. Acute retroviral syndrome, i.e.Acute HIV infection syndrome develops in 40-90% of patients infected with HIV and starts 2-6 weeks after exposure to HIV. It lats for days to weeks, typically 14 days, but may persist up to 10 weeks.

Information of diabetes and type to diabetes

Hello,

Today let’s talk about DIABETES, know Information of diabetes

There are many myths & misunderstandings about diabetes, so let me help you to

understand diabetes in easy way.

What is Diabetes?

It is excess amount of sugar in blood.

Types of Diabetes:

There are 3 types of diabetes as follows:

1.       Type 1 (Insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus                    

2.       Type 2 (Non-Insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus         

3.       Gestational diabetes (Developed in Pregnancy)

Signs & symptoms

·         Polyuria:

It is a condition usually defined as excessive or abnormally large production and/or passage of urine, also known as frequent urination. 

·         Polydipsia:

It is a medical symptom in which the patient displays excessive thirst.

·         Polyphagia:

It is a medical sign meaning excessive hunger and abnormally large intake of solids by mouth.

·         Weight loss

1.       Type 1 (Insulin dependent):

                   It is a type of diabetes in which body does not produce insulin, and does not burn body sugar.

                  Causes:

·         Inherited

·         Caused by infections.

2.       Type 2 (Non-Insulin dependent):

                   It is a type of diabetes in which body insulin is not utilized by body cells in burning blood sugar.

                  Causes:

·         Lifestyle

·         Genetics

3.       Gestational diabetes (Developed in Pregnancy):                            

                  It is a condition where levels of blood sugar are higher than normal, developed in pregnancy .  It affects 3-10% of pregnant women.  It may disappear after delivery or may improve and develop Type 2 diabetes.

Management

1.       Type 1 (Insulin dependent)        

·         Insulin replacement therapy: via subcutaneous injection or insulin pump.

·         Pancreas transplantation

·         Islet cell transplantation : Replacement of beta cells (by transplant or from stem cells).

2.        Type 2 (Non-Insulin dependent)

·         Lifestyle: Aerobic exercise is beneficial in diabetes.

·         Medications: Anti-diabetic medications (Like Metformin)

·         Insulin

·         Cardiovascular risk factors: like Hypertension, High cholesterol, and Microalbuminuria(albumin into the urine) .

·         Surgery: Gastric Bypass surgery

3.       Gestational diabetes (Developed in Pregnancy)

·         Lifestyle: Dietary changes & exercise.

·         Medications

Food to avoid in Diabetes

1.       Salty food :

                   Food containing high salt

2.       Sugary food:

                   Cake, ice-cream, fruits (mango, custard apple) and tea

3.       Fatty food:

                   Deep fried snacks, cheese, meat, egg, and milk

4.       High glycemic food:

                   Potato, white rice, Banana and allpurpose flour (refined flour).

5.       Alcohol

Food that control diabetes

·         Apple

·         Brown rice

·         Flaxseed

·         Soybean

·         Kidney beans

·         Oatmeal

·         Fenugreek

·         Bitter gourd

·         Garlic

·         Onion

·         Low fat milk and yogurt

Hope that this information is useful to understand Diabetes better.

Bye,

Have a nice day.